Perfectionism
It is important to note that a perfectionist trait can be either good or bad, depending on how you react to it. The student who says, "I will press on until I get it right" displays a good attitude. Their goal is to achieve as near native-like pronunciation as possible. They therefore continue to work at perfecting the sounds and are willing to take repeated correction until they get it right. However, the student who says, "I will not move on to the next lesson until I have mastered this one perfectly" does not understand that languages are not learnt in that way. Once they have grasped the major point of a lesson, they should move on to the next; grammar structures will become clearer as they receive more input and gradually intuitively comprehend the communicative point of the grammar pattern.

Rigidity
Learning a language requires a tremendous amount of flexibility and the willingness to try out different methods of learning. It also demands a tolerance for ambiguity during the early months when much is unclear. The student who insists on 'doing it my way' and is unwilling to accept the advice of others may find their progress to be extremely slow. For instance, the married couple who insist that they have no time to practice because of their need to spend quality time with their children in their apartment may not get very far in the language. They need to realize that 'quality time with the kids' need not be restricted to the home, and that taking the children to the local park will afford lots of opportunities for language practice as well as enabling their children to mix with the local kids.

The person who gets frustrated with ambiguity -- "There must be a clearer explanation for this grammar point if only I could find the right person/textbook to explain it properly" -- and allows their frustration to upset them, will find that this will have a negative effect on their progress.

Unimaginativeness
In the early stages of learning Chinese when your vocabulary is limited, you need some imagination to search out alternative ways of expressing your thoughts and ideas in Chinese. The person who can only think of one way of expressing their ideas is at a considerable disadvantage over the student whose agile mind is able to think out alternative ways of expressing the same concept. For instance, when asked by a Chinese friend, "Where do you go each day?", and wanting to reply "The Chinese Language Center", the unimaginative student may find themselves stuck for the right word. The student with an agile mind, on the other hand, might reply, "The place where I learn Chinese". The result is that the unimaginative person remains silent, uses English, or feels frustrated and embarrassed, while the creative student gets their meaning across adequately and feels the thrill of communicating in Chinese!

Coping Strategies
Frustration can be very debilitating. One person sees the task of learning Chinese as a challenge to be grasped, whereas someone else is quickly overwhelmed by the enormity of it all. The vital factor is not whether you are able to cope with the volume of materials to be studied (because slowing down one's pace a little by hiring a tutor instead of going to classes is a possible alternative). Rather, it is: are you able to cope with your feelings as to how you are doing? Or is being frustrated too much to handle?

Perseverance
Connected with coping strategies is the obvious need to be able to stick at the task until one's goal is reached. As the task is such an enormous one and the time needed to attain a reasonable level of proficiency so long, any lack of stickability will cause the learner to give up long before reaching their goal. Donald Larson in 'Guidelines for Barefoot Language Learning' says, "People who fail to develop competence in another language do so because they fail to go at it with sufficient intensity to reach the point where they can use the language well enough to continue learning it from the local people".

Some Answers
How can the language learner be helped in the above areas? Try a change of approach? Yes, because what you really need is advice on how to go about learning a foreign language.

The perfectionist needs to be told that their errors are probably the most valuable source of information about the language. You learn through making mistakes -- even if it hurts your pride! The over-rigid person needs to be supplied with alternative approaches to learning a language and strongly encouraged to try them out to see which ones suit them best. They must be told that continually asking "Why?" questions about the language is not helpful, but rather learn to ask "How?" questions, and wait patiently for things to clarify.

The unimaginative student would benefit from spending a little time teaching English-speaking children and noting how they adjust their speech in order to simplify the content so that the children understand their meaning. We must learn to do the same thing in our early stages of learning Chinese. The person for whom the enormity of the task is so overwhelming that they find it difficult to cope and hence become frustrated with their apparent (or real) lack of progress needs to be helped to divide the whole language course into smaller sections. Then they will regularly feel the thrill and satisfaction of having completed yet another section, thereby recognizing that they are making progress, even though they might not feel so. And those for whom perseverance is a problem, self-evaluating progress charts should prove helpful (see the article 'Measuring Progress').

Students who fail to master Chinese often try to justify themselves and their approach. They seem unwilling to acknowledge that their approach is not the best one. The student who succeeds has a childlike teachableness, open to the advice and counsel of others.

Maintaining Motivation During Language School